Martin L. King and Malcolm X Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Martin L. King and Malcolm X - Essay Example His family was also tormented by the Ku Klux Klan, a white supremacist group, which means that Malcolm’s views expressed his direct opinion on the issues that the black community in America faced (â€Å"Malcolm X†). This is as opposed to Martin Luther, who was from a relatively well-off family, and community, which means that his opinions were only those that the society around him faced, rather than his own since he lived a sheltered life in learning and religious institutions. In light of the events that Malcolm X went through, his opinions in fighting the rights of black Americans were aimed at restoring human dignity to the lack society due to racial discrimination that he and members of his community faced. This translates to Malcolm X calling for the recognition of blacks as being human and as part of the American society and world at large. On the other hand, Martin Luther in the civil rights movement advocated for integration of the black community into the whit e dominated society (DeYoung 2). This is because; Martin Luther was raised and lived in a community that had blacks and whites integrated, which means, to him, that blacks were not dehumanized as was the case of Malcolm X. In addition, Malcolm X held a strong policy of fighting against all forms of discrimination against blacks. This included going against his seniors in violating a non-engagement policy with all that opposed the fight for black rights and freedom. In this light, he called for the achievement of black rights and freedoms through any means necessary that included violence for the good of the black society in America. This was the case due to his religious affiliations that the blacks in the country held little respect for due to the disparity between their claims and actions. Malcolm’s religion talked tough against all forms of racial discrimination but he was backed by little action, if any, to end the era of discrimination and racial injustice. The above is as opposed to the principles that Martin Luther applied in his appeal for equal rights for both blacks and whites in the movement for civil rights. Martin Luther called for peaceful demonstration in demanding equal rights for both blacks and whites with a policy against non-engagement with the authorities who opposed equality and were pro-discrimination. For this reason, the followers of Martin Luther did not have to be scared, as that which they called for was their right by right of the oppression that they had gone through for a long time. Instead, his resistance was in the form of non-cooperation and civil disobedience, which was aimed at the public and the government in order to secure compliance with their demands. There were also religious differences in opinion relating to the civil rights movement. In this regard, Malcolm X following his Muslim religious affiliation led the movement for black empowerment. It is from this that Malcolm used his religion as a measuring stick f or integration of all races in being equal following his trip to Mecca. As a result, Malcolm X viewed Islam as the means by which all racial problems in America and the world could be overcome (Parker 5). This was following his religious background as a Christian as he was a member of an African American church, Ebenezer Baptist Church

If I Could Change 3 Things About Myself Essay Example for Free

If I Could Change 3 Things About Myself Essay Yes, maybe you will say:†Hey! Thats not enough! I need MORE! † but what are the three most importance things that you decide to change? If I could change three things about myself, I think first and foremost, I would change my desirous of food-ness. I got the stomach ache-ness when I was at Japan and tried not to eat so much. Well, to late for regrets now! I am eating now and just ate some ice-cream just now and ate fish chops for dinner. Well, good luck to me! Secondly, I would like to change my laziness. I had been pretty darn lazy through my whole life until now. Except for the time when my sister who is older than me by a year got to go to school and petty little me didnt get to go. So, I got so interested in learning that I read ALL of my sisters textbooks. And ever since my sister knew that I knew   that she was learning, made up a lame excuse and threw her homework to me and went to play some stupid computer game like MINES. Because she doesnt know how to play it, she just simply pushes some buttons. But now, I inherited her laziness and she inherited my hardworkingness and its the other way round than the time we were kids. Lastly, I would like to change the fact that I dont really have any talents. Im suck in studying, not really good in sports. I would want my talents to be: singing, dancing and acting. So, I could just be a pop star when I grow up. Well, its really nice to be a star, you know, with people fan boy and fan girling you. You just sing, which you awesomely have HUGE talent at and you get tons of money for just ONE song you sing! It would be such an awesome life! Well, its probably pretty obvious that nobody is going to magically materialize from thin air and grant those for me. So seems like I would just need to keep working at it.

Hamlet: In His Right Minds Eye :: Shakespeare Hamlet Essays

Hamlet: In His Right Mind's Eye         Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Crazy, or not crazy- That is the question.   The matter of Hamlet's so called madness, has been an item of debate since the first performance, and will probably be a continuing argument well into the future.   I believe Hamlet was not crazy, because he proves to be in complete control of his psyche   in several parts of the play.   These three reasons are the main points of argument for Hamlet's sanity.   His behaviors is only erratic in front of certain people, he shows logic and reasoning in his plotting,   and finally, actually admits to several people to be only â€Å"acting† mad.   These are hardly the actions of a madman.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   First of all,   the fact that Hamlet's irrational behavior emerges only in front of certain individuals shows he was only acting.   He acts insane in front of Polonius, Claudius,   Gertrude and Ophelia, while remaining perfectly normal in front of Horatio, Marcellus, the players and the gravedigger.   Hamlet convinces Ophelia of his madness by going   into her room   â€Å"with a look so piteous in purport as if he had been loosed out of hell to speak of horrors,† (2.1.92)and grabbed her and examined her face.   Then he let out †a sigh so piteous and profound as it did seem to shatter all his bulk and end his being.† (2.1.106) After that incident, Polonius believes, that Hamlet's madness â€Å"is the very ecstasy of love.†(2.1.115)   Claudius is convinced, however, that that is not the case.  Ã‚   He believes that something else is troubling Hamlet. â€Å"Love?   His affections do not that way tend;   Nor what he spake, though it lacked form a little, was not like madness.   there's something in his soul o'er   which his melancholy sits on brood† (3.1.176)   After Hamlet kills Polonius, Gertrude becomes completely convinced that Hamlet is â€Å"Mad as the sea and the wind when both contend which is mightier.†(4.1.7) With these characters convinced of his madness, Hamlet is able to carry out several plans to avenge his father's death.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The logic he uses in his plots is proof of a sane mind.   He successfully uses the players to reveal Claudius is the murderer by changing the play   they perform to reenact the murder of Hamlet's father. â€Å"Let the galled jade wince; our withers are unwrung.† . When the murder scene is enacted, Claudius calls for lights and storms out of the room.   Claudius, knowing Hamlet is a threat, has him sent to England along with Rosencrantz and Guildenstern.   the two bear a letter that was to have Hamlet executed upon arrival in England.

The Importance of Music Education Essay -- Music

Music, an extremely broad concept, is playing an increasingly vital role in the modern society, and most people today are experiencing music subconsciously. For instance, when walking in the street, not only will we see people listening to their music through all kinds of portable music players, but also hear people humming their favorite songs. When nightfall comes, young people usually go to concerts, whereas middle-aged people tend to choose symphony and opera. All the things mentioned above seem like nothing but entertainment. Does music exist just to please people? Apparently, the answer is no. In fact, music also brings people many significant benefits. Hence, music education is crucial to us, especially in our early development, and it should be a part of every child’s education. I think that music education can bring three benefits to us: enhance children’s memory, enrich their imagination, and improve academic performance. Human beings begin to learn many basic skills in order to survive after they are born. This requires people to grasp strong, stable, and rapid memory skills. Hence, babies’ expanding ability to memorize is an indispensable part of their cognitive development. Research shows that the development of memory in children becomes apparent within the first 2 to 3 years of a child’s life as they show significant advances in memory, and this enhancement continues into adolescence (Siegler). Therefore, we need to find out a way to help children develop appropriate memory skills. Music education is a terrific choice, and scientists do have evidence to support the hypothesis that music can improve human memory skills. Based on the findings of a study led by Dr. Agnes Chan, a psychologist at Chinese University of ... ...org/pdf/music-training-improves-verbal-but-not-visual-memory-cross-sectional-and- longitudinal-explorations-in-children> Graziano, A.B., Peterson M., and Shaw G.L. "Enhanced learning of proportional math through music training and spatial-temporal training." Neurological Research 21.Web. 15 Mar. 2012.139-152. Web. Siegler, R. S. (1998). Children's Thinking. 3rd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Electronic book. â€Å"Sound.† Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 5 Feb. 2012. Web. 15 Mar. 2012 The College Board. Profile of College-Bound Seniors National Report for 2000, 2001, and 2002. Web. Yeung, Ka-ching. â€Å"The Mozart Effect.† n.d. Web. 11 Mar. 2012. Notes/The%20Mozart%20Effect.htm>

Nursing Expertise Self-Report Scale and Reflection

After completing the Nursing Expertise Self-Report, I felt as a nursing profession I was analytical toward each questions. I noticed that most of my answers were drawn from my clinical experience working as an emergency nurse.I find that I looked at the situation as whole, combining all aspect of nursing from objectives and subjective data while still adhering to all policy and procedure. I also noticed for any aspect of clinical situation that my patients may represent, I strong disagree that emotional attachment would get in the way of good nursing care. In fact, I believed that emotional attachment are a characteristic a caring and compassionate nurse. This kind of characteristic may allow the nurse to be more accurate with her findings because she knows closely of what is consider normal to her patient.She may be the first to notice a change in her patient’s condition. I thought this exercise was very informative and knowledgeable because it allowed to see how I am grown a s a nursing professional. It is a great feeling to see that my nursing practice and decision making comes naturally by understanding that all pieces of information related to the patient is equally important one another. I also find that communication is essential to all aspect nursing care because it allow the patient to feel connected to the staff as well as understand his/her plan of care. As nursing professional we are always using critical thinking to anticipate the next possible event that could occur.Although we may not realize it, we tend to forget to communicate with the patient and family as often as we should. This exercise help me realize that I need to communicate with my patient more often to help them understand their care plan and the care providing to them. I also noticed in this self-report scale and reflection that I always follow the standard patient care procedures no matter what situation may present because the standard patient care procedures were written to allow the best possible outcome for the patient.

The Virtue Of Sport Essays - Virtue, Ethics, Philosophy, Free Essays

The Virtue Of Sport Essays - Virtue, Ethics, Philosophy, Free Essays The Virtue Of Sport The Ancient Greeks believed that there were four cardinal virtues to living a good life. These virtues: courage, temperance, justice and wisdom can be applied not only to everyday life, but also to the society of sport and to the film, Hoosiers. In this film, many characters have these qualities, illustrating the virtue of sport. The characters in the film show a great deal of the first virtue, courage. For instance, Coach Norman Dale. He is brought into a new situation, as a coach of a small town basketball team. It is a formidable task, which he faces head on. Hickory, Indiana is like many other small towns. They are a close knit community, who are not especially welcoming to new comers and are generally against change, especially when coming from an outside source. This is where Coach Dale encounters most of his problems. He has new ideas for the basketball team and the townspeople resent his ideas and methods. In this sense, Coach Dale shows a great deal of courage. Another courageous character is Jimmy. He is the towns star basketball player and has chosen to give up the sport, due to the death of someone close. When he re-approaches the sport, he gives new faith to the town, team and himself. Shooter, the local alcoholic also shows a great deal of courage. With the support of Coach Dale, he is able to shed the label he has been given and face his illness head on. As a result of this, he is given a second chance, both in the community and with his son. Although it is a difficult road to travel, with many obstacles, Shooter is well on the way to recovery. Being made an assistant coach to the Hickory High School basketball team has given him direction in life, a meaning and a purpose. This shows that courage is a vital virtue for all to keep both in sport and in life. The second virtue is temperance. Illustrated in the film, this virtue examines the individual versus team play. The Hickory High School basketball team was all about team play. In fact, it was one of the central themes of the whole film. Coach Dale realized that team play was important, and that this virtue was important to the team. They barely had enough players to field a team. This would seem discouraging to many others, but the team was able to see that the most important aspect of the game was the team themselves. Coach Dale also realized that the virtue although present in the team needed greater expression in the community. By the end of the film, the residents of Hickory finally observe this aspect of the virtue. Temperance, shows the need for moderation and understanding in both team and community settings. Justice, the third cardinal virtue is also shown, to a certain extent in the film. Is it important to give each person his or her time in the limelight? Coach Dale believed this was true. He was fair to all of his players, giving each the chance to play, but also enforcing the rules at the same time. Sometimes this meant that the team had to play short handed, but it was all to get his point across. He gave each player the chance to show their ability and made each player feel that they were an essential part of the team, no matter how big or small they were. It was also Coach Dale that gave Shooter a second shot on life. Being a part of a team gave him reason to try and reprove himself to the community and his son. Justice will always be an important part of the society of sport. How would one even know how far they could stretch their abilities if never given the chance to try? Coach Dale shows us that this is necessary both in sport and in the community. That last virtue, wisdom was shown in a few instances in the film. The concept of wisdom is that of understanding self and controlling self. It took quite a while, however, Coach Dale realizes his possibilities as coach and also as a member of society. He

Free Essays on Ethical Warfare

â€Å"Ethical Warfare† President George Bush once put forth, â€Å"Using military force makes sense as a policy where the stakes warrant, where and when force can be effective, where its application can be limited in scope and time, and where the potential benefits justify the potential costs and sacrifice.† (President George Bush, p.423) This criterion as Bush describes is nothing new. It has been traditionally known as international law. They are also part of what is known as just war theory. Some people have preferred the use of the phrase â€Å"justified war† instead of â€Å"just war† because they believe that in just war theory there is a presumption against the use of military force that must be overcome or should it? Just war theory can be traced all the way back to 400 A.D. by the writings of St. Augustine. He was concerned about how to reconcile traditional Christian views of the immorality of violence with the necessity of defending the Roman Empire from invading forces. He asked â€Å"what one should do if one sees an individual attacking an innocent, defenseless victim? His response was that â€Å"one should intervene and do whatever is necessary to protect the victim, even up to the point of killing the aggressor.† (St. Augustine, p. 424) We know of this theory today by The Hague and Geneva conventions. Remember, also that human beings have been fighting each other since prehistoric times. But is war really bad? The ethics of war starts by assuming that yes, war is bad, and it should be avoided whenever possible, but it recognizes that there can be situations when war may be lesser evil of several bad choices. War itself is bad but when justified it serves a purpose to protect the life of human individuals. Although war itself can be backed by a number of ethical theories, ethical egoism sort of stands back and says, yeah if I was in charge on the United States, of course I am going to act the way I ought to ... Free Essays on Ethical Warfare Free Essays on Ethical Warfare â€Å"Ethical Warfare† President George Bush once put forth, â€Å"Using military force makes sense as a policy where the stakes warrant, where and when force can be effective, where its application can be limited in scope and time, and where the potential benefits justify the potential costs and sacrifice.† (President George Bush, p.423) This criterion as Bush describes is nothing new. It has been traditionally known as international law. They are also part of what is known as just war theory. Some people have preferred the use of the phrase â€Å"justified war† instead of â€Å"just war† because they believe that in just war theory there is a presumption against the use of military force that must be overcome or should it? Just war theory can be traced all the way back to 400 A.D. by the writings of St. Augustine. He was concerned about how to reconcile traditional Christian views of the immorality of violence with the necessity of defending the Roman Empire from invading forces. He asked â€Å"what one should do if one sees an individual attacking an innocent, defenseless victim? His response was that â€Å"one should intervene and do whatever is necessary to protect the victim, even up to the point of killing the aggressor.† (St. Augustine, p. 424) We know of this theory today by The Hague and Geneva conventions. Remember, also that human beings have been fighting each other since prehistoric times. But is war really bad? The ethics of war starts by assuming that yes, war is bad, and it should be avoided whenever possible, but it recognizes that there can be situations when war may be lesser evil of several bad choices. War itself is bad but when justified it serves a purpose to protect the life of human individuals. Although war itself can be backed by a number of ethical theories, ethical egoism sort of stands back and says, yeah if I was in charge on the United States, of course I am going to act the way I ought to ...

Leadership and influencing practice The WritePass Journal

Leadership and influencing practice INTRODUCTION Leadership and influencing practice INTRODUCTIONCharacteristics of an Effective Leader.Political context Leadership activities MentorshipLeadership modelsProfessional socialisationBetter outcomes for patient careConclusionReferencesRelated INTRODUCTION Effective Leadership is considered as a key component for modernizing today`s health environment. A quality leadership is required in each and every field for the profession development. Many people believe that leadership is a way to improve their personal, social and professional life. An able leader is not just a path for development but also an asset for the organisation to which they belong.(Bryman ,1992. Gardner,1990) Leadership can be defined as a multifaceted process of identifying a goal or target, motivating other people to act, and providing support and motivation to achieve mutually negotiated goals (Porter-O’Grady, 2003). In the day to day life of a Nurse, this could refer to their communication skill or their skills in co-ordinating the day/night shifts along with the team of nurses or other health care staffs and support staff on duty under the direction of that nurse or it can also be applied about their dealings with the patients and their relatives.   The successful operation of the shift, staff morale and managing difficult or challenging situations depends largely on the team leader`s leadership skills. In addition, leadership has been defined in terms of the power relationship that exists between leaders and followers. From this viewpoint, leaders have power and wield it to effect change in others. Others view leadership as a transformational process that moves followers to accomplish more than what is usually expected of them. Finally, some scholars address leadership from a   skills perspective.   This viewpoint stresses the capabilities (knowledge and skills) that make effective leadership possible. It is very much important to understand and appreciate that leadership roles are different from management functions. In Stephen Covey’s (1999) book The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People, he quoted Peter Drucker as saying: ‘Management is doing things right; leadership is doing the right things. Management is efficiency in climbing the ladder of success; leadership is about determining whether the ladder is leaning against the right wall.’ The management is all about tasks, but the leadership is about skill, perception, philosophy and judgement. We could infer from this that it is much more difficult to be an effective leader than an effective manager. Thus leaders have, for the most part should be concerned with orienting the profession to focus upon developing nursing practice ( Salvage,1989). The leadership discourse within the UK is only recently considering nursing leadership to be a process through which health policy may be influenced(Rafferty,1995) Characteristics of an Effective Leader. Some say great leaders are born, not made. And while there are some born leaders, many more have honed their leadership skills through extensive practice. Leaders are often described as being visionary, equipped with strategies, a plan and desire to direct their teams and services to a future goal (Mahoney, 2001). It is very much important for an effective leader to develop problem solving skills which can be incorporated in solving various work related issues and maintain group effectiveness and develop group identification such that their work has not gone unchecked. The Nurse or the team leader should posses and develop within all the above characteristics in order to win the support of the fellow workers and lead the development of clinical practice They should also possess dynamic personality, be passionate regarding their job they do, have a motivational influence on other people, and also be solution-focused and seek to inspire others. By Showing the effective leadership qualities, the nurses can induce a greater influence on their fellow staffs or their sub-ordibnates regarding the profession and also ensuring that professional standards are maintained and enabling the growth of competent practitioners. In a study by Bondas (2006), leaders who were described as driving forces were admired. They were regarded as a source for inspiration and role models for future nurse leaders. A Nurse to be a leader should possess the following qualities making decisions   delegating appropriately   resolving conflict   and acting with integrity. The duty of the leader is also to develop the sense of a team work among nurses who are working under them and also encourage them to improve their skills and their relationship with the other members so that a bond of development exists inside the team. Thus by following the above things the act of leadership can be directly connected to a sense of development among the team members. This is largely achieved by working alongside them in a mentoring and coaching role. A good and successful leader will always try to achieve development of the other staff through their leadership. Saarikoski and Leino-Kilpi (2002) from their study found out that one-to-one supervisory relationship was the most important element in clinical instruction. Various researches have suggested that mentorship facilitates learning opportunities, helping to supervise and assess staff in the practice setting. Terminology frequently used to describe a mentor includes: teacher; supporter; coach; facilitator; assessor; role model; and supervisor (Hughes, 2004; Chow and Suen, 2001). A systematic way of culture based continual learning by providing necessary support and best available practice methods will empower and motivate staff. Dynamic clinical leaders and supportive clinical environments in which they can freely work are essential in the development and achievement of best practice models. It is recommended that staff are first shown how to perform a task and then supported to complete it. Therefore the key factors which are described as effective in nurturing transformational clinical leaders are: provision and access to effective role models   mechanisms for mentoring and clinical supervision   provision of career pathways   intentional succession planning   organisations that value clinical competence and promotion of centres of excellence (Borbasi and Gaston, 2002). Political context The Nurse leaders must be ready and able to respond to an ever changing healthcare environment which also includes organisational expectations and changes in the local and national policies. A Nurse should accept the changes but try to follow what is legal and legimate. These roles have become more specialists, autonomous, accountable and focused on outcome, with both positive and negative consequences for the profession. Demands of the consumers and purchasers of healthcare services are increasing and have a greater expectation of higher standards, particularly in relation to nursing care. Nurse leaders must quickly demonstrate resilience in responding to change and supporting other members in the team to embrace this in a positive way. Effective leaders should be capable of reframing the thinking of those whom they are leading, enabling them to see that changes are not only imperative but are also achievable in an easy manner. Senior nurses who have relevant experience and knowledge has to find ways of becoming involved in organisational decision-making on issues impacting on clinical care such as: developing policy   workforce planning   departmental business planning and clinical and corporate governance. Sorensen et al (2008) advocate that senior nurses must develop constructive processes through which they become accepted as equal team members. They are also required to create a good work place environment that provides a quality patient care and must also evaluate nursing expertise and try to represent nursing interests in corporate decision-making forums. Leadership activities Senior nurses should also apply leadership skills in encouraging staff to use critical reflection to facilitate new understanding .Senior nurses should act as a role model for their sub-ordinates. They should be able to develop the skills of other staff by enabling them to apply theory to practice and encouraging them to test new skills in a safe and supportive environment. This, again, is an example of where leadership activities of the seniors combine with developmental ones to create competent practitioners through practice-based learning. These nurses should adopt a supportive leadership style with mentorship, coaching and supervision as core values. Constable and Russell (1986) showed that if the staffs get good support and encouragement from the seniors or supervisors the level of emotional exhaustion is reduced and it also reduces negative effects of a job environment. Consequently, it would be particularly beneficial for supervisors to provide emotional support to nurses and give them adequate feedback about performance to increase self-esteem (Bakker et al, 2000).. It is common in a ward environment that there would be misunderstandings or conflicts within the staffs. Resolving the conflicts and to build an effective relationships between multidisciplinary team members is a test for the senior nurses` ability. With nurses becoming more autonomous decision-makers, this must inevitably lead to revising the relationship between professional roles. Senior nurses also have a leadership role in facilitating their organisation’s staff support and development programme, which should aim to reduce stress, burnout, sickness and absenteeism among colleagues. Supervisors have a significant influence on employees’ personal and professional outcomes. Bakker et al (2000) reported that senior nurses can buffer the effects of a demanding work environment on staff nurses by thoughtfully maintaining a leadership style that supports staff needs. A person who is exhibiting a true leadership sees each person as an individual and will try to recognise their individual needs, as not everyone will perform at the same level or respond in the same way to environmental stressors or workplace pressure. Leaders need to support staff in ways in which individuals recognise as being useful. In the same way, staff will be motivated by different factors. Leaders must focus on the needs of individual staff and use motivational strategies appropriate to each person and situation. They must seek to inspire de-motivated staff and maintain the motivation of those who are already motivated. Leadership seeks to produce necessary changes in de-motivated staff by developing a vision of the future and inspiring staff to attain this. Leadership is the driving force of the work environment and directly affects staff motivation and morale. West-Burnham (1997) argued that leaders should seek to improve on current practice, and use their influence and experience to achieve this. This includes working within the team to develop goals and a feeling of shared ownership to achieve excellence in clinical practice. Mentorship Different people are motivated in different ways. It is the duty of the Leader to recognise it and they must use strategies that individuals find motivating to empower them and highlight the importance of their nursing role. This can be achieved by the Leader by following the process of structured mentorship. A perfect mentorship should foster ongoing role development and be based on the acquisition and mastery of new skills. Senior nurses should everyday try to spend some time (say like 10-30 minutes) everyday     and get involved with the staffs doing some form of mentoring activity, and each activity that has been done should be recorded in staffs book named ‘learning log’. The learning log is a simple, task-specific recording method used as documented evidence that mentorship has been given on a particular area of work activity. Later the staff members are required to complete their own log book, which briefly records: The nature of the activity being coached; Strengths and weaknesses in performing the activity; Coaching intervention; Future goals. It is important that staff members do not feel over stressed or micromanaged. Learning logs must be viewed as a mentorship tool, rather than a management one. The learning log should be used for reflection purposes to form the basis of a more comprehensive supervision discussion. The log book on which the data is recorded should be used to refresh and remind the staffs and the mentor about the progress they have achieved on a particular issue compared to the previous time and also about the new things they have learnt with the help of the mentorship. It must also record about the new things that as to be achieved by the time of the next assessment. Mentors must also ensure that more junior staffs should have the freedom to seek information, through an open exchange of opinions and ideas and they must also keep in mind that the communication gap between the juniors and themselves is not widened. Staff should also be given the opportunity to show initiative, thus promoting confidence in decision-making and underpinning knowledge and competence in their own skills. creating a stable and supportive environment should be the goal of the perfect mentorship which encourages professional growth through effective role modelling. Murray and Main (2005) said that the notion of decision making should be passed on from more experienced nurses to the less experienced ones so that there is continuity in professional development. Leadership models There are a number of useful models which can be used to guide senior nurses in leading other staffs. transformational and transactional models are the two most common models(Bass, 1985; Burns, 1978). The effects of transactional leadership are short-lived, episodic and task based, with the transactional leader only intervening with negative feedback when something goes wrong. This form of leadership would have a place where there is a specific short-term directed project or piece of work to be completed. When working in a ward it is always better to have a leadership model which offers stability in the relationship between senior nurses and juniors. In these kinds of environments the transformational model is more complex but has a more positive effect on communication and teambuilding than the transactional model (Thyer, 2003).The goals and values of other staffs are shaped and altered to achieve a collective purpose to benefit the nursing profession and also the organisation in which they are employed. Bass (1985) found out that than transactional leaders, transformational leadership factors were more highly correlated with perceived group effectiveness and job satisfaction, and contributed more to individual performance and motivation. A different kind of a model was proposed by Adair (2002). This is the three-circle model of strategic leadership, with the circles being the needs of the task, the individual and the team. Adair believed that knowledge or expertise alone is not enough to lead; however, without it, leadership is impossible. Leaders should be aware of the both group and individual needs, and should harmonise them to support common goals and achieve it in a successful manner. According to Adiar, Each of the three needs in the model interacts with the others. One must always be seen in relation to the other two (Adair, 2003). This is a democratic model of leadership, in which there is consideration for the opinions of those who have to carry out the task. Each individual or the group they belong is involved to do the decision making concerning their work. The valuing of people, their knowledge, experience and skills is the strength hold to this model. These nurses should not be concerned about using concepts from various models and developing an eclectic strategy .Leadership models are a useful tool for senior nurses and help to put the function of leadership activity into perspective. The models should be used as a framework on which to build an effective leadership style which suits the individual leader and those whom they are leading. Professional socialisation Supervised learning in clinical practice fosters emotional intelligence, responsibility, motivation and a deeper understanding of patient relationships and nurses’ identity and role (Allan et al, 2008). Much of the attention should be given in encouraging post-registration education and practice development in order to improve the health care standards. Clarifying role expectation and developing a professional identity is also included in this. Professional socialisation is a learning process that takes place in a work environment, of which junior nurses are an integral part. Effective leaders   who are determined in their job will generate opportunities which create potential for professional self-development for junior staff. It is during this socialisation period that junior nurses develop opinions, attitudes and beliefs about their role which form the basis of professional growth. The role-modelling behaviour of senior nurses during this process is critical in transmitting appropriate professional values from one generation of nurses to the next. With proper Professional Socialization a more powerful team of workforce can be built and care standards can be increased. The role of senior nurses is dynamic and multifaceted. Nurse leaders in practice settings have unique opportunities to influence and even create the environment in which professional nursing practice can flourish. Marriner-Tomey(1993) suggested that, in this highly influential role, nurse leaders have a major responsibility to change behaviour to provide an environment that supports the preparation of competent and expert practitioners. It is part of nurse leaders’ role to serve as a model in providing effective socialisation experiences that impart the appropriate values, beliefs, behaviours and skills to staff. Better outcomes for patient care The Ultimate goal of any healthcare organisation is to deliver a quality patient care and this can be influenced the through good nursing leadership. Junior staffs should be encouraged be good leaders to gain a better understanding of their patients and their needs and values. Overall, these strategies will lead to increased patient satisfaction, more effective nurse-patient relationships and quicker recovery times. Good leadership could produce better patient outcomes by promoting greater nursing expertise through increased staff ability and a new level of competence. Empowered nurses are eager to implement evidence-based practice. They are highly motivated, well informed and committed to organisational goals, and thus deliver patient care with greater effectiveness (Kuokkanen and Leino-Kilpi, 2000). Aiken et al (2001) argued the hospital practice environment has a significant effect on patient outcomes. Junior nurses should be encouraged to seek maximum rather than minimum standards, and be expected to achieve and maintain high-quality benchmarks. Conclusion References Adair, J. (2003)  Effective Leadership. National College for School Leadership, Briefing paper.  www.ncsl.org.uk Adair, J.  (2002)  Effective Strategic Leadership. London: Macmillan. Aiken, L. et al  (2001) Nurses’ reports on hospital care in five countries. Health Affairs; 20: 43-53. Allan, H. et al  (2008) Leadership for learning: a literature study of leadership for learning in clinical practice.  Journal of Nursing Management; 16: 545-555. Bakker, A.B. et al  (2000) Effort and reward imbalance and burnout among nurses.  Journal of Advanced Nursing; 31: 884-891. Bass, B.M.  (1985)  Leadership and Performance Beyond Expectations. New York, NY: The Free Press. Bondas, T.  (2006) Paths to nursing leadership.  Journal of Nursing Management; 14: 332-339. Borbasi, S., Gaston, C.  (2002) Nursing and the 21st century: what’s happened to leadership?  Collegian; 9: 1, 31-35. Burns, J.M.  (1978)  Leadership. New York: Harper and Row. Bryman, A. (1992). Charisma and leadership in organizations. London: Sage. Chow, F.L.W., Suen, L.K.P.  (2001) clinical staffs as mentors in pre-registration undergraduate nursing education: students’ perceptions of the mentor’s roles and responsibilities.  Nurse Education Today; 21: 350-358. Constable, J.F., Russell, D.W.  (1986) The effect of social support and the work environment upon burnout among nurses.  Journal of Human Stress; 12: 20-26. Covey, S.  (1999)  The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People. London: Simon and Schuster. Gardner, J. W. (1990). On leadership. New York: Free Press Hughes, S.  (2004) The mentoring role of the personal tutor in the ‘fitness for practice’ curriculum: an all Wales approach.Nurse Education in Practice; 4: 271-278. Kuokkanen, L., Leino-Kilpi, H.  (2000) Power and empowerment in nursing: three theoretical approaches.Journal of Advanced Nursing; 31: 1, 235-251. Mahoney, J.  (2001) Leadership skills for the 21st century.Journal of Nursing Management; 9: 5, 269-271. Marriner-Tomey, A.  (1993)  Transformational Leadership in Nursing. London: Mosby. Murray, C., Main, A.  (2005) Role modelling as a teaching method for student mentors.  Nursing Times; 101: 26, 30-33. Porter-O’Grady, T.  (2003) A different age for leadership, part 1.  Journal of Nursing Administration; 33: 10, 105-110. Saarikoski, M., Leino-Kilpi, H.  (2002) The clinical learning environment and supervision by staff nurses: developing the instrument.  International Journal of Nursing Studies; 39: 259-267. Sorensen, R. et al  (2008) Beyond profession: nursing leadership in contemporary healthcare.  Journal of Nursing Management; 16: 535-544. Thyer, G.  (2003) Dare to be different: transformational leadership may hold the key to reducing the nursing shortage.  Journal of Nursing Management; 11: 73-79. West-Burnham, J.  (1997) Leadership for learning-reengineering ‘mind sets’.  School Leading Ability and Management; 17: 2, 231-244.

International Marketing Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

International Marketing Strategy - Essay Example The materials utilised for this purpose quickly gained acceptance as being top quality and therefore gave the business a unique position in the European marketplace. Both brothers being environmentally conscious, they quickly learned to procure industrial tarps known as tarpaulins and then transform these colourful and unique water-resistant covers into stylish, contemporary and trendy bags of many different varieties. Over time, the Freitag brothers realized that not only would their products perform well in this market, but were able to gain consumer demand in coverings for electronics, totes and purses, and other multi-purpose bag needs. Consumers were quickly attracted to the stylish and innovative designs crafted by transforming tarpaulins into useable and socially-relevant products, thus establishing a well-known brand name with an emphasis on quality as a primary marketing concept (Schwartz 2007, p.28). Freitag has just recently developed an internationalization strategy, prov iding products to Japan and England, which have both been eager and profitable markets. The main rationale for adopting an internationalization strategy: the products were being compared, by consumers, to very upscale brands such as Dolce & Gabbana and even Gucci due to their colours and variety. Thus, in the Swiss market where Freitag is headquartered, profit potential was the key driver for opening new international market opportunities. The long-term benefits of choosing England and Japan are currently unknown, since both of these export markets have not been functional long enough to establish a trend or statistical report on profitability and consumer interest; as well as evolutionary branding strategy. Much to the advantage of Freitag, there is a new market opportunity for these durable and fashionable products based on demographics and lifestyle of the Brazilian consumer. This market report describes the benefits of establishing a new operational strategy in Brazil as well as justification for why this represents an incredible market opportunity. 2. Situational Analysis This section describes the justification for establishing a new market presence in the emerging market of Brazil, including the PESTEL model and the Five Forces model as well as discussion of the cultural characteristics in Brazil that will benefit Freitag for new market entry. The political environment in Brazil does not currently maintain any known barriers to market entry, with the government supporting a free commerce system and without considerable restrictions to international trade and supply (Kelley 2009, p.6). Many large international companies, such as Wal-Mart, have found success in their internationalization strategies with cooperative government policies and limited tariffs or other trade restrictions. The Brazilian government currently desires more international trade relationships and provides incentives to businesses looking to expand their products to serve the Brazilian consumer market (Branson 2008, p.109). The economic environment is a considerable strength to justify new market entry in Brazil for Freitag. The Brazil consumer economy experienced a 7.5 percent growth rate in 2010 (much higher than international per country averages) and is considered the eighth largest national economy in the world (Mazza and Stul 2012, p.2). It is estimated that three million consumers in Brazil can actually afford luxury-priced goods and

Sport and Recreation Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Sport and Recreation Management - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that the modern world is alive to the fact that work is the key to economic, social, physical, and spiritual well-being. However, even as people focus on their works and relevant activities, they appreciate the significance of free time, recreational time, and leisure time in their endeavors. Indeed, there is a common assertion in the modern world that all work with no play makes Jack a dull boy that advocates for leisure time. Ideally, we can define leisure at any time that an individual spends away from work, entrepreneurship, maintenance activities, family activities, and academic activities. While defining leisure, we refer to time, which includes nondiscretionary time, working time, and leisure time where leisure is discretionary time. Worth noting is that all activities done during leisure time must be necessary and chosen at free will by individuals. In fact, there is a distinction between leisure and unavoidable activities with resp ect to the motive of any activity. More so, there is a difference between leisure and free time since some factors as social pressures may coerce individuals to engage in leisure activities. For instance, the need to keep up with the economic developments achieved by our colleagues may force one to spend leisure time in activities aimed at deriving economic value. In most cases, leisure time comes in small quantities during weekdays where different individuals and countries have diverse opinions on the value of leisure time. In America, many individuals have about 35 to 40 hours of leisure per week. The most common concept of leisure is social leisure that relates to actions pursued in a social setup since the social institution recognizes the significance of leisure. Different social settings determine the time available for leisure where some societies have individuals who value work more than any leisure activity hence deriving little leisure time. In most cases, women have less leisure time compared to men with respect to all leisure components. Ideally, the basic components of leisure include catering, visitor attractions, children’s play activities, sport and physical recreation activities, home-based leisure, countryside recreation activities as well as arts and entertainment.

A Critical Assessment of the Predominant HR Cultural and Institutional Term Paper

A Critical Assessment of the Predominant HR Cultural and Institutional Features in Germany and the UK - Term Paper Example The collective cultural dimensions are what drive either corporatist philosophy or neo-liberal policies. The UK institution is founded on neo-liberal principles which involve more consensus and shared decision-making whilst German institutions follow a more stringent corporatist philosophy. The extent and composition of HR strategies in both countries are strongly influenced by these evolutions that have occurred historically due to changes in society, business, and government. This essay seeks to examine the most critical cultural characteristics within Germany and the UK that influence the development of HR policy. The objective is to provide a critical comparison of both cultures as it relates to institutional philosophy, taking into consideration a variety of mitigating institutional features that predict positive HR performance or conflict using a respected cultural model (such as Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions framework) as a guiding source for HR development. The essay focuses primarily on individualism versus collectivism and the influence of tolerance for power distance in both countries from an institutional perspective to determine their disparate or congruent human resources policies and practices. Culture in the United Kingdom is dominantly individualistic. Individualism is considered a type of cultural characteristic in which the predominant values are ensuring well-being and utility for the self or direct kin in a traditional nuclear family context (Hofstede, Hofstede and Minkov 2010; Hollinshead 2009; Hofstede 2001; Hofstede 1984). Individualists seek opportunities for unique self-expression and, oftentimes, these needs and beliefs manifest themselves in how the individual views their identity within the organization with many inherent demands for recognition for individual accomplishment.     

Definition paper for VISA (International Student VISA for staying and Assignment

Definition paper for VISA (International Student VISA for staying and studying in US which is F-1 VISA) - Assignment Example F-1 visa is primary for academic studies and is given to students attending an academic or English language career. F-1 student visa is the most popular international visa for students issued in the United State. In addition, F-1 learners must keep the least course load for permanent status of a student. F-1 student status permits for semi-permanent and on-campus student job offer (less than 21 hours weekly). Similarly, students with F-1 visa can work on OPT programs for a maximum of one year after their academic program completion. Students are supposed to complete their career programs by the expiration period on their Eligibility Certificate for Nonimmigrant status of Students, I-20 form, offered by the United States University or collage where the student is admitted. A student visa warrants one to land at the entry point and request for entry to the United States. Once one is admitted, the visa can expire because he does not require a valid visa until he has left the country and wish to re-enter. Finally, to be eligible for the visa, an applicant should meet various authoritarian criteria. For instance, he must be from a foreign origin and should intend to go back to his homeland upon academic program completion. He can only enter and study as the university through which the visa was approved, and must have adequate financial stability. The student must have firm ties to the homeland (such as job offer recommendation upon studies completion, assets, family and bank statement). Additionally, he may convert his visa to part-time work visa upon academic program completion. Someone who has never heard of a visa or a person, who has never applied for a visa, may have some challenges in defining or understanding what a visa is. For instance, a native may define a F-visa as a permit or document placed on a student’s passport that allows international students to the United States Colleges or Universities to pursue further studies. In addition, a

NGOs, IGOs, and other international organizations in Afghanistan or Research Paper

NGOs, IGOs, and other international organizations in Afghanistan or Africa for Humanitarian efforts - Research Paper Example In many crises where the US military gets involved, USAID offers a communication link between military and humanitarian agencies.2 However, in Afghanistan security concerns hindered AID initially because the communication link was not available since NGO workers complained that soldiers encroached in their domain by engaging in humanitarian work instead of offering security. In Afghanistan, the US army placed Provincial Reconstruction Teams (PRTs) of roughly 100 military combat personnel and extra civil affairs personnel in districts across the nation. These teams created military presence in remote areas thus offering limited security while aiding to respond to the needs of the people in the country, while the US forces withdrew from urban areas. Despite the shift, three years later violence in the country noticeably increased resulting in increased attacks targeting the civilians. The afghan Taliban forces increased their attacks against NATO, the country’s troops and increa singly engaged in suicide bombings targeting the military and civilians. 3 Despite the different perspectives, interdependence between international organizations, NGOs, donor organizations and the military is apparent and is a result of overlapping tasks and inadequate resources available in mission areas. Therefore, military and civil operations influence one another in all levels thus the risk of counteracting one another. Nevertheless, successfully integrated civilian and military efforts in complex emergencies are crucial to flourishing relief efforts and reconstruction; although, there is a risk of humanitarian organizations being associated with potentially unwelcome military force thus losing their protective gloss of neutrality. Many humanitarian organizations focus on delivering humanitarian help in on going conflict thus integration is deeply objectionable therefore, they easily interact with military forces. In disrupted societies like Afghanistan, with huge dysfunctiona l authorities and continuous hostilities make the conditions for fruitful civil-military cooperation poor.4 Despite problems caused by military involvement in assisting civilians, other coordination efforts like UN agencies and NGOs were successful in working together. The World Food Program reportedly delivered enormous amount of food in 2001 and credited its staff, donors and NGO implementing partners. However, the political future of Afghanistan may be in limbo, the humanitarian outcome of American-led war and subsequent relief effort could be termed as a success with regard to the number of people served, quality of service and health of the population. Moreover, access to people in need increased because of the fresh political conditions after the defeat of the Taliban. As well, the amount and diversity of services offered in many regions of the nation increased like health and nutritional status for many people improved and many Afghans returned to their homes. The success was due to the humanitarian infrastructure established prior to 2001 and other things happening at the administrative level like provision of copious resources, specialization in organizations and the high level of connectivity. 5 Nevertheless, there were differences evident in operational levels where humanitarian and military organizations overlapped or did not communicate, which could have

Definition paper for VISA (International Student VISA for staying and Assignment

Definition paper for VISA (International Student VISA for staying and studying in US which is F-1 VISA) - Assignment Example F-1 visa is primary for academic studies and is given to students attending an academic or English language career. F-1 student visa is the most popular international visa for students issued in the United State. In addition, F-1 learners must keep the least course load for permanent status of a student. F-1 student status permits for semi-permanent and on-campus student job offer (less than 21 hours weekly). Similarly, students with F-1 visa can work on OPT programs for a maximum of one year after their academic program completion. Students are supposed to complete their career programs by the expiration period on their Eligibility Certificate for Nonimmigrant status of Students, I-20 form, offered by the United States University or collage where the student is admitted. A student visa warrants one to land at the entry point and request for entry to the United States. Once one is admitted, the visa can expire because he does not require a valid visa until he has left the country and wish to re-enter. Finally, to be eligible for the visa, an applicant should meet various authoritarian criteria. For instance, he must be from a foreign origin and should intend to go back to his homeland upon academic program completion. He can only enter and study as the university through which the visa was approved, and must have adequate financial stability. The student must have firm ties to the homeland (such as job offer recommendation upon studies completion, assets, family and bank statement). Additionally, he may convert his visa to part-time work visa upon academic program completion. Someone who has never heard of a visa or a person, who has never applied for a visa, may have some challenges in defining or understanding what a visa is. For instance, a native may define a F-visa as a permit or document placed on a student’s passport that allows international students to the United States Colleges or Universities to pursue further studies. In addition, a

Natural Resource Curce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Natural Resource Curce - Essay Example Likewise other OPEC countries like Iran, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait have also lower GNP figures. As a whole, OPEC countries have less GNP per capita from 1965 to 1998 compared to countries that do not have sufficient resources (Ross, 297-322). The reasons behind these surprising results could be many including the wrong management of resources by the government, non competitive business environment, and inefficiency of overall economy. A brief explanation about the conflicts of the Natural Resources and the policies to reduce these conflicts will be discussed in this paper. Natural Resource Curse The phenomenon of the natural resource curse came into existence after numerous studies stated that the resource oriented countries were constantly producing insignificant GNP per capita as compared to the countries that lacked resources. It was not only the economy that was lacking but the resources dependent countries were found to be malformed with more corruption, spontaneous conflicts betw een the people and the government, higher poverty rates, and inappropriate management of the government (Gibbs, 35-40). Oil, minerals, gold, cotton and other gemstones are the natural resources that mainly cause conflicts. ... Furthermore, such wealth always results in domestic grievances which are the major cause of civil wars. This is what the phenomenon of natural resource curse is all about – the greater the natural resource wealth, the lower will be the economic growth and development. Let’s now briefly discuss the effects and causes of the Natural Resource Curse Effects of the Natural Resource Curse The countries that are facing natural resource curse are mostly associated with the following problems that results in low economic growth and development. The internal conflicts of the country The natural resource curse has been a major reason for internal conflicts of the country. It has been studied by various researchers that the region of the country that is highly resource oriented consists of certain groups that are openly asking for their share every now and then. But such conflicts are minor as compared to the conflicts that are taking place within the government ministries. The peo ple that are in power are unable to firm unity amongst each other and are more interested in having the authority over the allocations of the budget. This is where the collapse of the government takes place thereby resulting in insignificant progress. The outcomes of such conflicts could be very damaging for a nation as it can seriously affect the economic growth of the country. According to a research, the countries that have lower percentages of exports of gross national products are involved in less amount conflicts as compared to the countries with higher percentages of exports. Lack of Human rights and Resources One thing that has been a hot target of the natural resource curse is the education for people in resource

Gag Clauses Essay Example for Free

Gag Clauses Essay For the past ten years, the Health Management Organizations (HMO), who is responsible on the health care programs, had imposed a new system that restrict and inhibit physicians in communicating to their patients. (Wynn, 1996) This is known as ‘gag clause†. The physician must not discuss the medical condition and all treatment options of their patients. These include the right health care plan, the appropriate treatment and medications that may be benefit to the patient in terms of cost. (Liang, 1998) The issue on the gag clauses creates a big noise especially on the practitioners and physicians. This issue receives many criticisms. According to some critics, it is the obligation of a physician to educate and inform his patient on what kind of treatment, and the kind of health care plan. This is because physicians are trained to treat the bad health conditions of their patients. The gag clause thus inhibits the open discussion of the two parties. Because of the gag clause issue, the House of Representative and the Legislature of United States are now making a proper move to inhibit the gag clauses in physician contracts. But almost 200 million of the citizens of the said country rely on health care programs of HMOs. The lawmakers of United States, who had made laws and enforces these to protect its citizens, medicine companies as well as the practitioners from the HMOs, still HMOs finds a way to control the actions of their hired physicians. This is the termination-without-cause clause. In this clause, the physician to be hired by HMOs can be fired for any reason. The restrictions of physicians in communicating to their patients produce major problems especially on the side of the patient. One of these problem is the lost of trust and confidence of the patient if his original physician has been deselected. Then the second physician must handle the latter treatment on the patient which is very difficult because of little time. Then the second physician also faces a constraint in communicating to his patient. This will result to low quality health care service given by HMOs. The welfare of the patients is being jeopardized because of gag clauses. A study was conducted on the performance of physicians experiencing gag clauses from their health care company. From the physicians who were interviewed, majority do their medical obligation as part of their ethical duties in providing the necessary medication and treatments for their patients. They do not even read carefully the provisions of the contracts they signed in handling their patients. But because of the alarming issues on the deselecting, physicians were limited on communicating to their patients the health conditions and proper treatment. While on the side of physician sectors, there profession is being put at risk. As a physician, their responsibility is to take care of their patient which is the core of their medical responsibility. If these physicians were unluckily deselected, their ethical responsibility to raise and support their family will be affected. Thus, physicians are faced in a two situations were they must choose which will they do. Thus the purpose of their profession is being sacrificed. In almost contract signing, there are some elements to consider and understand by both parties before they undergo in signing. Some of the key terms to consider are the payment terms, duty and obligations of parties, representations and warranties, conditions on the closure of the contract, some liability issues and termination rights. In contract signing in a managed care setting, the identification of the parties who will sign the contract must first be done. In terms of managed care setting, the health care provider, physicians and the consumers or patients are the main characters. Then the recitals will follow. In this part, it contains the background of the contract as well the objective. The obligation of the parties involved is the next element to be discussed before signing. The health care provider will provide all the necessary treatments needed by the patient for his wellness. This includes the necessary and appropriate health care plan. While the physician medical responsibility is to provide the necessary treatment needed by the patient in which he can apply his profession. These include care and medication of the patient. And lastly, the obligation of the patient is in term of financial obligation for the health care provider and to the physician. (Allbusiness, 2007) Next to be considered are the terms of the contract. It must be clearly stated what are the sanction if one of the terms was not made. Also, the contract must be known if it is an only one time or it can be renewed. And if the contract is renewable, how it can be renewed? These questions must be first answered before the signing of the medical health care contract. After this, the price must be set. How much will it cost the service of the health care provider to their costumers or patients and the salary of the physician assigned, as well as the terms of payments between the parties? When will the due of the payment and what are the consequences if the due was not met by one of the party concerned. Warranty is also part of a contract. The warranties must be clearly stated on how it can be claimed and in what way. If the health care program does not meet the terms, how will the health care provider pay the consequence? And how long the warranty will is good for. And lastly is the term of termination of the contract. When will the health care program end in concern on the patient? When will the physician medical obligation ends. The above are mentioned are the key terms in contract signing in a health care setting. (Allbusiness, 2007) In contract signing in a health care setting, a major concern that must be considered is that-if the contract contains provisions of illegal act? Because majority of the HMOs contract’s contain provision of not letting communication on the physician-patient relationship, the Federal government of United States enforce these HMOs to eliminate these gag clauses. In a contract, it is stated that the patient under a health care program is entitled to all benefits of the health care program. ( Scanlon, 1999) Because of this, the Health Care Financing Administration force HMOs to eliminate gag clauses on their contracts. If a contract contains illegal act such that of the gag clauses, it will be considered as a violation on the Medicare law. This is because almost physicians believe that inhibiting them in communicating with their patients about their medical condition might result to increase on the risk on their health condition. (Frascati, 2005) Even tough some of the health care plans of HMOs were revised in connection with the gag clauses; still there are provisions and conditions that hinder the communication of physician-patient relationship. Some of these provisions are the business confidentiality clause, nondisparagement clause and nonsolicitation clause. These provisions are discrete form of inhibition of the communication. (Lott, 1997) If one of the provisions in a contract is unenforceable like no legal action or waiver of right to trial by jury, and then the contract is considered void. (Higuchi, 1995)

The Tate Modern: History and Development

The Tate Modern: History and Development Institutions in the Arts and Media: Galleries and the rise of the art market Focusing on the Tate Modern. (UK) The dazzling success of the Tate Modern has threatened to overwhelm Tate Britain(formerly the Tate Gallery.) But, says Tate Director Nicholas Serota, Brit art was thriving long before Hirst et al renewedLondons international status. (Taken from The Timeout Guide to Tate Britain, Nov 2001.) In his Foreword to Tate Modern: The Handbook, Director Lars Nittve writes: every museum is unique; Tate Moderns individuality lies not just in its collection or its locationbut also in its architecture. Indeed, what was once known as the Tate Gallery has undergone a major overhaul. There are now four branches: two in London (one at Millbank; the Tate Modern at Bankside; one in St. Ives; and one in Liverpool). According to Nittve, the Tate at Millbank used to be the big mother ship, where everything sat-curators, administration, conservation, etc. Now were moving to something more like a federation. This paper will take a close look at the Tate Modern, first exploring its singular history and its architectural uniqueness. We will then focus on the wealth and variety of its collection, which is divided into four basic themes: landscape, still life, history painting, and nudes. Finally, we will examine the Tate Modern in the the larger framework of contemporary art and media, taking note of its influence on the UK art market, and measuring its status in the international art world. History of the Tate Modern Nicholas Serota was appointed Director of the Tate at Millbank in 1988, and shortly after this decided to embark on a number of modifications. In an attempt to re-establish the original architectural integrity of the Millbank building, Serota decided to remove all signs of artifice. He decided to obliterate the false ceilings and temporary walls. He also decided upon a major reorganisation of the collection. Welcome as these changes may have been, they also brought to light the fact that there was simply not enough space to implement all these changes if the museum were to remain in its current setting. This eventually led to the decision to expand, a move which has had far-reaching effects in the art world, not just in the UK but internationally. The search for a new site ultimately led to the old Bankside Power Station. Originally designed and built after the Second World War, the Bankside Power Station was the work of Giles Gilbert Scott, a respected British architect. Scott also designed the [now defunct] power station at Battersea, as well as the Liverpool Anglican Cathedral. He is best known, however, as the designer of the once ubiquitous telephone box (Craig-Martin, 14). Michael Craig-Martin, one of the trustees assigned to investigating potential sites for the new Tate, notes that: The Bankside building was notable for its plain red brick exterior and the powerful symmetry of its horizontal mass bisected at the centre by a single tall, square chimney. The building was articulated on three sides by a series of immense, well-detailed windows. The only decoration came from the brickwork crenellation along the buildings edging, cleverly mitigating its great bulk (Craig-Martin, 14-15). The discovery of the Bankside Power Station opened up new vistas for the trustees of the new Tate. First of all was the issue of size: the Bankside Power Station was larger than any of them had imagined. Adjusting their expectations to include such a vast space opened up an entirely new perspective as well as a world of possibility. Second, of all, building yet they had assumed that they would be commissioning abuilding yet  here was the power station, basically intact. They now had to consider the possibility that there would be no need to raze the existing building and start over what if they were to work with the existing structure, and make changes as needed? This, clearly, would be a break from the way things were traditionally done. Thus, after visiting the Bankside Power Station, the trustees vision of what the new gallery could be began to change, and their preconceived notions were replaced by exciting new concepts (Craig-Martin, 15). The existence of so many positive factors convinced the trustees that the Bankside site was the best choice as the new site of the home of modern art. Not only were the possibilities were inviting; also to be considered was the location, which was ideal; the possibility of development; and the interest and support of the local government. Location was certainly a major consideration; this London location boasted first-rate transport facilities, including the new tube station at Southwark. In addition, there was the possibility of a river bank connection with the Millbank gallery(Craig-Martin, 15). And the local Southwark Council wasted no time in acknowledging the potential impact this could have on the local community, an area much in need of a financial and industrial boost: The local council, Southwark, recognising the potential impact of the Tate project on development and employment in this largely run-down area, enthusiastically supported it from the start (Craig-Martin, 15). Architectural Design Relocation to the Bankside site meant opened up a wealth of opportunity for the Tate. Forstarters, the vast size of the building meant that the Tate would be able tomore than double its capacity for showing its collection as well as housing major large-scale temporary exhibitions (Craig-Martin, 15). Beyond this, the possibilities seemed even more exciting: even after expansion, there would be a vast expanse of untouched space, leaving the possibilities for continued growth and capacity for even greater acquisitions wide open. But questions of how to approach and re-design this space still had to be sorted out. DirectorNicholas Serota enlisted the assistance of Trustee Michael Craig-Martin andsculptor Bill Woodrow to visit some of the newer museums of contemporary art onthe Continent, and to consider them critically from our point of view asartists (Craig-Martin, 17). In this way, Serota helped to best utilize the newspace, with an eye on art, rather than architecture. After visiting a number of modern museums, Martin and Woodrow found that for the most part,modern museums better served the interests of architects and architecture than those of art and artists. Clearly the interests of art were not the primary consideration of those chosen to design the space that would best showcase it. Many architects clearly considered designing a museum to be a prime opportunity for high-profile signature work. On the other hand few architects seemed truly to understand or be interested in the needs of art (Craig-Martin, 17). They reported these findings to Serota and the other trustees, with the ultimate result that there was a shift in the thinking behind the architectural approach. Now, the  central concern of the design of the new building would be to address the needs of art through the quality of the galleries and the range ofopportunities, both sympathetic and challenging, for showing art. While seeking the best possible architectural solution, we determined that the project would be art led not architecture led (Craig-Martin, 17). The decision ofthe trustees was not a popular one in many circles. Architects in particular felt deprived, seeing the decision only in light of their own potential growth or lack thereof: Some, seeing this as the betrayal of a unique architectural opportunity for London, interpreted it as the result of a loss of institutional nerve (Craig-Martin, 17). Ultimately, Herzog de Meuron were selected to be the architects. They were the only ones whose design managed to keep the building intact without making major changes to its basic structure, to appreciate the beauty and value already inherent in the existing structure: Herzog de Meurons was the only proposal that completely accepted the existing building its form, its materials and its industrial characteristics and saw the solution to be the transformation of the building itself into an art gallery (Craig-Martin, 17). Indeed, as pointed out by Insight Guides: Tate Modern has captured the publics imagination in a quite unprecedented way, both for its displays and its building, which establishes a magnificent presence on the South Bank (194). The Collection Insight Guides states that the arrangement of the collection makes it both more accessible to, and more popular with, the general public (194). Instead of achronology, the work is organized by a four separate (though admittedly overlapping) themes. The displays replace a single historical account with many different stories of artistic activity and suggest their relationship to the wider social and cultural history of the 20th and early 21stcentury (Insight Guides 194). The four themes are, basically: landscape, still life, history painting, and nudes. Within each of these broad themes it is possible to explore a rich syntax of intention and strategy, (Blazwick Morris, 35). Landscape/Matter/Environment When one thinks of landscapes, a variety of scenes may come to mind: waves crashing on a rocky beach; a horizon of dark, menacing clouds; skyscrapers silhouetted against a sunset. As Blazwick Morris point out, the genre of landscape is primarily understood as a representation of a natural or urban scene, which might be topographic, metaphoric or sublime (35). At the Tate Modern, however, the genre of landscape has been reconceived to include the zone of the imaginary, uncanny dreamscapes, symbolic visualisations of anxiety and desire (Blazwick Morris, 35). As Jennifer Mundy points out, landscape is an ambiguous term and can have several overlapping meanings: much of its resonance derives from the often uncertain boundary between nature and culture, the objective and the subjective (42). Thus a landscape may be a faithful rendering of the physical world, such as the dreamy middle-class countrysides of Impressionism. Or it may be symbolic rendering of an interior landscape, such as the more obscure works of the Surrealists. The Tate Moderns Landscape collection tries to reflect the range and diversity of this genre, while also addressing the complex threat of modern technology. As Mundy notes,today the threat posed to the environment by modern technology and the growth of the human population has made the natural landscape a topical, even urgent, subject for art (50). StillLife/Object/Real Life Paul Moorhouse posits that among the many radical developments in the visual arts during the last hundred years, one of the most significant has been the extraordinary growth and transformation of the genre known as still life (60). By the period of Cubism, still life no longer meant an apple on a plate, but rather the complexity of the relationship of the objects to each other and to the viewer: The inertness of such objects as a glass, a bottle, a pipe or a newspaper provided a perfect vehicle for evoking the complex phenomenological relationships between such artefacts, the surrounding space and the viewer perceiving them (62). The Tate Moderns collection is a reflection of the evolution of the form referred to as still life, and which today defies definition. According to Moorhouse, this fusion of the actual and the symbolic has created the conditions for a remarkable vitality and diversity in contemporary art (68), a vitality and diversity reflected in the Tate Moderns ever-changing representations of the genre. History/Memory/Society The concept of history/memory/society is wide-ranging and ambitious, perhaps intentionally so. Public morality, politics, ideology, idealism and suffering among other themes still preoccupy artists today comments Jeremy Lewison (88). The Tate Modern collection attempts to represent these themes as they are expressed in modernity, while reflecting the continuum in which they necessarily exist. Clearly this is an ambitious task, considering the multitude of methods used to express and relate these concepts across the ages. The study of history has descended to the micro level, posits Lewison, adding that it has been, in a sense, democratised. History is no longer solely the provenance of leaders and heroes; it is rather, in the hands of the common individual. The artists of today have followed a similar course, Lewison suggests, and, by employing the same strategies, by opening themselves to techniques and concepts derived from the human and social sciences, artists today address issues relevant to contemporary life (88). Nude/Action/Body Among the most ancient man-made objects recognisable as belonging to the category that we callart are small naked human figures carved from stone or ivory posits SimonWilson (96). Clearly, as humans we are obsessed with representations of the body and this has been reflected throughout history. The final decades of the twentieth century have seen remarkable changes in the concept of the human body. Significant advances in technology, combined with the lengthened lifespans of our population, have spurred a re-thinking of what the body is indeed, at times it has seemed to become objectified. These changes are of course reflected in art. As Wilson points out, during this time period artists began to use their own body as the expressive medium, initially creating necessarily ephemeral works in the form of what became known as Performance art (104). This, in conjunction with use of various media such as film, video, and still photography, is all part of the Tate Moderns programme in accurately capturing and representing this genre. The Tate Modern and the International Art World The success of the Tate Modern may have initially seemed to eclipse the Tate Britain however, a response like this surely had to have been expected. The selection of Giles Gilbert Scotts Bankside Power Station as its new home was itself a newsworthy event. The subsequent choice of Herzog de Meuron as architects caused considerable buzz in the art world and the country at large. Therefore it issmall wonder that when it finally opened its doors, the world was indeed dazzled by the Tate Modern. Stephen Deuchar, Director of the Tate Britain, writes in the Foreward to Humphreys book: the creation in 2000 of Tate Modern and Tate Britain as distinctive entities with the Tate organisation, were initial steps towards the renaissance of Millbank. Now, with many new galleries for displays and exhibitions, and with a future programme setting our collections withina plethora of new contexts, national and international, our role here as the worlds centre for the study and enjoyment of British art may emergewith fresh clarity There is, however, no doubt that the Tate Modern will play an influential role in the art world. It is unique in conception, as noted earlier, because it was carefully designed to meet the needs of the artist, as opposed to those of the architect. As Craig-Martin pointed out, while seeking the best possible architectural solution, we determined that the project would be art led not architecture led(17). In addition, there is the simple, yet vitally important issue of size and space alone. The discovery of the Bankside Power Station opened up new vistas for the trustees of the new Tate. Bankside Power Station was larger than any of them had imagined, and the process of adjusting their expectations to include such a vast space opened up an entirely new perspective. Not only were the possibilities were inviting; also to be considered was the location, which was ideal; the possibility of development; and the interest and support of the local government. Beyond the mere physical properties such as architecture and size are the ways in which these attributes are utilised. The vision of the Tate Modern thus far seems to be on the cutting edge. The best museums of the future willseek to promote different modes and levels of interpretation by subtle juxtapositions of experience writes Nicholas Serota. He further asserts that the best museums will contain somerooms and works that will be fixed, the pole star around which the others will turnin this way we can expect to create a matrix of changing relationshipsto be explored by visitors according to their particular interests and sensibilities (54-55). As Deuchar hassaid, we no longer choose to relate a single narrative of British art and culture, but to explore a network of stories about art and about Britain, with our collections at its core (Foreward to Humphreys book). And has Nittve has pointed out the Tate at Millbank used to be the big mother ship, where everything sat curators, administration, conservation, etc. Now were moving to something more like a federation (Frankel). The Tate Modern, the necessary extension of this core, may in fact be viewed as a pole star in itself, at the forefront of the modern art scene, with a world of limitless potential ahead. Reference List Adams, Brooks, Lisa Jardine, Martin Maloney, Norman Rosenthal, and Richard Shone. 1997. Sensation: Young British Artists from the Saatchi Collection. London: Royal Academy of Arts. Blazwick, Iwona and Frances Morris. 2000. Showing the Twentieth Century. In Tate Modern: The Handbook, eds. Iwona Blazwick and Simon Wilson, pp. 28-39. Berkeley: U of CA Press with Tate Gallery Publishing Limited. Craig-Martin, Michael. 2000. Towards Tate Modern. In Tate Modern: The Handbook, eds. Iwona Blazwick and Simon Wilsonpp. 12-23.Berkeley: U of CA Press with Tate Gallery Publishing Limited. Frankel, David. April 2000. Art Forum. http://www.24hourscholar.com/p/articles/mi_m0268/is_8_38/ai_61907715  Accessed May 26, 2005. Humphreys, Richard. 2001. The Tate Britain Companion to British Art. London: Tate  Publishing. Insight Guides: Museums and Galleries of London. 2002. Basingstoke, Hants: GeoCenter InternationalLtd. Lewison, Jeremy. 2000. History Memory/Society. In Tate Modern: The Handbook, eds. Iwona Blazwickand Simon Wilsonpp. 74-93. Berkeley: U of CA Press, with Tate Gallery Publishing Limited. Massey, Doreen. 2000. Bankside: International Local. In Tate Modern: The Handbook, eds. Iwona Blazwick and Simon Wilsonpp. 24-27.Berkeley: U of CA Press with Tate Gallery Publishing Limited. Moorhouse, Paul. Still Life/Object/RealLife. 2000. In Tate Modern: The Handbook, eds. Iwona Blazwickand Simon Wilsonpp. 58-73. Berkeley: U of CA Press with Tate Gallery Publishing Limited. Mundy, Jennifer. 2000.Landscape/Matter/Environment. In Tate Modern: The Handbook,eds. Iwona Blazwick and Simon Wilsonpp. 40-53.Berkeley: U of CA Press with Tate Gallery Publishing Limited. Serota, Nicholas. 1996. Experience or Interpretation: The Dilemma of Museums of Modern Art. WalterNeurath Memorial Lectures, London: Birkbeck College. Shone, Richard. 1997. From Freeze to House: 1988-94. In Sensation: Young British Artists from the Saatchi Collection. London: Royal Academy of Arts. Wilson, David M., ed. 1989. The Collections of the British Museum. London: British MuseumPress. Wilson, Simon. 2000. Nude/Action/Body. In  Tate Modern: The Handbook, eds. Iwona Blazwick and Simon Wilsonpp. 94-107. Berkeley: U of CA Press with Tate Gallery Publishing Limited. What is mental health? What is mental health? What is mental health? Mental health refers to our emotional wellbeing, it is all about how we think, feel and behave. The relevance of working with patients with mental health problems for me will be a challenge to start with. While on my placement I come across many patients why are suffering with Alzheimer and Dementia and most are suffering with mental health disorders of various kinds. In my central discussion I intend to cover the case of one patient named Joe who has metal health problems. Mental health is a term that encompasses a range of experiences and situations. It can be an on going experience from mental wellbeing through to a severe and enduring mental illness affecting a persons overall emotional and psychological condition. Incidents in life such as bereavement, financial and personal happiness such as the way we feel about ourselves can lead to depression and anxiety. Mental illness may be experienced by people who have a mental health problem to such a degree that they may be diagnosed as having a mental illness, requiring the involvement of specialist services and support. Consequently, some people with mental illness will need no support, others may need only occasional support, and still others may require more substantial, ongoing support to maintain their quality of life. To understand the difference between mental health and mental illness specifically relates to both the length of time and severity of the changes to a persons behaviour thought patterns and display of emotions. The more severe and lengthy the impact of these changes, the more a person may struggle to manage their everyday life and the greater the chances of them developing a mental illness. One mental health problem that an individual may experience could be through the loss of a loved one. People who are already suffering with a mental health issues are going to find that the trauma of discovering that some one who they loved has passed away will be an even greater burden on their already mental fragility. Such feelings that one will experience after being told about the death of a close relation can range from depression, suicidal thoughts, feelings of hopelessness, loneliness and unable to cope with daily life. The mental health state of this individual patient would give me a lot of concerns after such a shock as a bereavement of a close relative. His mental health state before this news was given to him, was giving me great concerns as he was already showing signs of suicidal tendencies. This gentlemens demure was one of a frail individual lacking any self esteem and of a nervous disposition. Other symptoms noticed were a sense of instability, inability to communicate verbally in a precise and understandable manner. As a nurse the care and assistance I can assist the patient with would be to speak to the patient in a quieter none judgmental manner and listen in attentively to what the patient has to say dependant on the severity of the mental illness the patient suffering and his behavior would really be an indication as to what help I could be most useful to assisting him/her in. If the patients mental illness is severe and of a violent nature the nurse would have to understand her limitation and abilities before confronting the patient. Otherwise one you could do more harm than good and put your self in danger. If you as a nurse feel comfortable and confident in your own judgment with the placement you can then start to talk and listen to what the patient has to say. It is important to talk to the patient in a non professional spoken manner, using none technical word and phrases, so that the patient feels comfortable and confident in your approach to them. For this assignment the chosen topic will be depression. The patient in this case study will have his name protected by the NMC code of professional conduct 2009 and for that matter he will be referred to as Joe. Joe was admitted into hospital during my placement. Joe was admitted onto the ward after suffering a fractured femur when he fell to the ground coming down his stairs in his house. He was calling out for help and was discovered one hour later by a neighbour who was passing by his house. On admission Joes medical notes indicated that Joe has a history of depression and is on a daily medication of Fluoxetine which has a brand name of Prozac. Joe is British gentlemen aged 68 years old and Joe has now been separated from his wife for the last 8 years. He has three grown up sons but does not now have any contact or get any support from them. Joe dwells alone in a council run flat and his occupation was a bus driver. His depression over the years had made him isolated and a reclusive person. He stated that he had been a depressive person on and off for his whole life and that his depressive state had only now in old age become a hindrance to his normal lifestyle, thus accumulating in recent bouts of dizziness, fainting and the subsequent breaking of bones after falls. Joe was quite lucky this time around in that his fall from the stairs was quite a short fall of some 4 steps, if he had fallen from the top flight of stairs he could be in hospital with far greater injuries than what he actually sustained and his fall could have been fatal. Reference Mental health http://www.liv.ac.uk/counserv/self_help/mental_health/definition_mhealth.htm Difference illness and health Bowers, L. â€Å"; The Social Nature of Mental Illness†, 1998, Routledge. Bereavement: Studies of Grief in Adult Life (Paperback) by Colin Murray Parkes (Author), Holly Prigerson (Author) 1st edition 1972, page 1 Appendix Action Plan Summary: The Story Of Deirdre Essay Summary: The Story Of Deirdre Essay In the middle ages, there were a lot of stories written that were tied together with the culture in which they were written by. Some even had an intense connection with the author that wrote them. A few examples are Thorstein the Staff- Struck in which was tied with the Norse culture, Everyman which has a Christian tie, and The Story of Deirdre with an Irish Celtic tie. To me the one that has the strongest tie to its culture is that of The Story of Deirdre and the Celtic culture. Just from reading the story and knowing a little about the Celtic culture will make this evident. So Ill start by giving you a little background or brief summary from the story. First Ill start by giving you a brief summary of The Story of Deirdre. The story started off with a gathering of warriors and counselors and their wives and kids. The host is Felim MacDall. His wife is pregnant with a child. All of a sudden the unborn child screams from within its mother loud enough for all of the guests to hear it. After so a Druid named Cathbad tells the prophecy of the child. It is a girl and she will be named Deirdre, but she will cause a great amount of grief and also cause the death of many kings. Hearing this prophecy the King of Ulster, Conchubar mac Nessa wanted Deirdre for himself. So her family agreed and gave her to him. He thought he would wait for her to turn of marrying age and then they would be together forever. However a young warrior named Naoise came and Deirdre fell in love with him. They eventually ran away together causing a great deal of anger with Conchubar mac Nessa. Time passed and Conchubar mac Nessa agreed to let them return to the kingdo m unharmed. That was a lie. Naoise was killed. But still Deirdre didnt want him so he gave her to one of his warriors, MacDurthacht. Deirdre couldnt stand the fact that she was being used like this so while she was in a chariot going down the road she put her head out of the window and smashed it on some passing rocks, which killed her. In a few parts of that summary the Irish Celtic culture ties in with The Story of Deirdre. The beginning in which they are all gathered up is one. It is very typical of the Irish Heroic Age tradition for it all to start off with a large gathering where they are eating and drinking. The supernatural screaming of the unborn child also added to this tradition. Then the next thing would be the entrance of a druid. The druid comes in and gives a prophecy that sets the outcome of the future. All of these examples ties the story with an Irish Heroic Age tradition. Another connection between the Irish Celtic culture and The Story of Deirdre is how Deirdre kills herself. The Irish Celtic people believed that the skull was where the soul rested, not the heart. The Celtic people were well known for the fact that they were the only known to date head hunters. They cut the heads off of the warriors they killed because they believed it to bring them supernatural abilities. Also when one of them died, the remaining living warriors would find the dead warriors bodies and crack their skulls. This was because they believe that the soul could not travel to the afterlife if it were not possible for it to leave the skull. So in the case of Deirdre she wasnt going to continue life with Conchubar mac Nessa and his warrior so she decided to kill herself. But without cracking her skull, her soul wouldnt be able to move on to the afterlife. So in a split second she hung her head out of the Carriage window and cracked her head against some passing rocks. The Story of Deirdre also portrays its characters as being associated with the manner in which the Celtic personalities were portrayed then and continued to be portrayed now. One example is that of Conchubar mac Nessa. He planned on marrying Deirdre from before she was even born. This meant that he had to wait till she turned of age. This was often the case in the Celtic culture. Old men would declare a marriage to a young teenage girl before she was even the age to birth a child. This happened often with high ranked men such as counselors, warriors, and high up others. Also the girls that they declare marriage to often had a high social status themselves, most being kings or counselors daughters. Another example in which The Story of Deirdre ties in with the Celtic culture is that it has a similar format in which all of the other stories followed. Started off with a large group of people feasting or just a basic meeting. The characters are all basically believable but then it adds a supernatural event. In this case the unborn child screaming from within its mothers womb. The rest of the story is filled with a controversy between to highly rated people, until the death of one of them. Also the story was based on the determination of fate. Deirdre was destined to cause all of this drama and also the death of these men. The middle ages period was filled with great works of literature that reflected the culture in which it was written and some of the time even reflected the author that wrote it. The stories I mentioned in the beginning are just a few examples that can be used to prove this true. The Story of Deirdre gave a good insight into the Celtic culture. Whether it be the characters personalities in the stories, the format in which the story was written, or the actions of some of the characters, Deirdre bashing her head on the rocks.